Investigation of Structural, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of Holmium-Niobium Co-doped TiO₂ Nanopowders

In this presented work, pure and holmium, niobium, holmium–niobium co-doped titanium dioxide nanopowders were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Their morphological, structural, optical, photocatalytic properties analyzed scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectrophotometer. The activities of examined using ultraviolet light. results have shown that doping both with a single (holmium, niobium) or two types elements (holmium–niobium) significantly changed dioxide. It was concluded that, compared others, sample has smallest crystal size. Other values, such as forbidden band gap kinetic constants, are in range data obtained for single-element doping.